What is it about medieval names that continues to captivate our imaginations? These names, often steeped in history and tradition, carry with them stories of knights, castles, and kingdoms long past. The allure of medieval names lies in their unique ability to transport us back to a time of chivalry and romance, where each name tells a tale of its own. Whether they evoke images of gallant knights in shining armor or enchanting maidens in flowing gowns, medieval names possess a charm that transcends time and culture.
From the grandeur of royal titles to the simplicity of common names, the medieval period offers a rich tapestry of nomenclature. The names from this era often reflect the societal norms, religious beliefs, and cultural influences of the time. They serve as windows into the medieval world, providing insight into the lives and values of those who lived centuries ago. As we delve into the world of medieval names, we uncover a fascinating blend of history, linguistics, and culture that continues to resonate with us today.
In this comprehensive exploration of medieval names, we will journey through the various aspects that define these intriguing monikers. From the origins and meanings of popular medieval names to the influence of historical figures and literature, we will examine the factors that have shaped and preserved these names over the centuries. Join us as we uncover the stories behind the names, and discover how medieval names have left an indelible mark on our modern world.
Table of Contents
- The Origins of Medieval Names
- Cultural Influences on Medieval Names
- The Religious Impact on Naming Conventions
- The Influence of Royalty and Nobility
- Literary Contributions to Medieval Names
- Gender-Specific Naming Trends
- Regional Variations in Medieval Names
- The Evolution of Medieval Names Over Time
- The Modern Revival of Medieval Names
- The Role of Surnames in Medieval Times
- Famous Medieval Names and Their Legacies
- Mythical Influences on Medieval Names
- Medieval Naming Ceremonies and Traditions
- Symbolism and Meaning Behind Medieval Names
- Frequently Asked Questions
The Origins of Medieval Names
The origins of medieval names are as diverse as the cultures and people that bore them. Rooted in ancient languages such as Latin, Germanic, and Celtic, these names often reflected the geographic, social, and linguistic landscapes of the medieval world. Latin, the language of the Roman Empire, had a profound influence on the naming conventions of the time, particularly within the realms of religion and scholarship. Names like "Claudia" and "Marcus" are examples of Latin-based names that were prevalent during this era.
Germanic names, on the other hand, were commonly found among the tribes that inhabited Northern and Central Europe. These names often carried meanings tied to nature, strength, and valor, reflecting the warrior culture of the time. Names such as "Alaric" and "Brunhilda" exemplify the Germanic tradition, with their strong phonetic sounds and powerful meanings.
Celtic names also played a significant role in medieval nomenclature, particularly in regions like Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. These names often had deep spiritual or mythological connections, with meanings that conveyed beauty, bravery, or wisdom. Names like "Aisling" and "Cian" illustrate the poetic nature of Celtic naming traditions.
Beyond these primary language groups, medieval names were also influenced by the interactions and exchanges between different cultures. The Crusades, for example, brought about a blending of Eastern and Western naming traditions, introducing new names and altering existing ones. This dynamic interplay of languages and cultures contributed to the rich tapestry of medieval names that we study today.
Cultural Influences on Medieval Names
The cultural influences on medieval names were vast and varied, reflecting the complex social structures and interactions of the time. One of the most significant influences was the spread of Christianity, which introduced a host of biblical and saintly names into the medieval lexicon. Names such as "Matthew," "Mary," and "John" became commonplace as parents sought to honor religious figures and ensure divine protection for their children.
In addition to religious influences, the medieval period was marked by a strong focus on family and lineage. Names were often chosen to honor ancestors or to strengthen familial ties. This practice was particularly prevalent among the nobility, where maintaining the family legacy was of paramount importance. As a result, names like "William" and "Henry" were passed down through generations, becoming synonymous with certain dynasties and houses.
Another cultural influence on medieval names was the tradition of naming children after virtues or qualities that parents hoped they would embody. Names like "Faith," "Hope," and "Charity" reflect this practice, serving as aspirational markers for the child's future character and conduct.
Medieval names were also shaped by the cultural exchange that occurred as a result of trade, travel, and conquest. The interactions between different regions and peoples led to the adoption and adaptation of names across cultural boundaries. For example, the Viking invasions brought Norse names to the British Isles, leaving a lasting impact on the naming conventions of the region.
The Religious Impact on Naming Conventions
Religion played a central role in medieval society, and its influence on naming conventions was profound. The spread of Christianity introduced a wealth of biblical names into the medieval world, as people sought to align themselves with the divine and invoke the protection of saints. Names like "Peter," "Paul," and "Mary" became staples in Christian communities, serving as reminders of the faith and devotion that defined the era.
In addition to biblical names, the veneration of saints also contributed to the naming conventions of the time. Parents often named their children after saints who were admired for their virtues and deeds. This practice was believed to offer spiritual protection and blessings, as well as to honor the memory of these revered figures. Names such as "Catherine," "Francis," and "George" became popular as a result of this tradition.
Religious institutions also played a role in shaping naming conventions through the establishment of naming guidelines and practices. Monasteries and churches often maintained records of baptisms and marriages, which helped to standardize names and ensure their continuity over time. Clerical influence extended to the selection of names for the clergy themselves, with many religious figures adopting names that reflected their spiritual calling or the saints they wished to emulate.
Moreover, religious texts and literature provided a rich source of inspiration for medieval names. Stories of biblical heroes and heroines, as well as tales of saints and martyrs, served as fertile ground for the creation and perpetuation of names. This literary influence further solidified the connection between religion and naming conventions during the medieval period.
The Influence of Royalty and Nobility
The influence of royalty and nobility on medieval names cannot be overstated. As the ruling class, the nobility had a significant impact on the naming conventions of the time, often serving as trendsetters and tastemakers. Names associated with royal families and noble houses carried prestige and power, making them highly desirable among the populace.
Royalty often chose names that reflected their lineage and heritage, ensuring the continuation of family traditions and dynastic legacies. Names like "Edward," "Richard," and "Elizabeth" became synonymous with certain royal lines, cementing their place in history. These names were not only chosen for their historical significance but also for their ability to convey authority and strength.
The practice of naming children after reigning monarchs or influential nobles was also common among the general populace. This was seen as a way to pay homage to the ruling class and to express loyalty and allegiance. As a result, names associated with successful or beloved rulers often gained widespread popularity, transcending social and geographic boundaries.
Noble titles and honorifics also influenced naming conventions, with the addition of prefixes or suffixes that denoted rank or status. Names like "Sir Geoffrey" or "Lady Eleanor" reflected the hierarchical structure of medieval society, where titles were an integral part of one's identity.
In addition to their influence on first names, the nobility also played a role in the development of surnames. Many surnames originated as descriptors of one's status, occupation, or place of origin, often linked to noble estates or titles. This practice further solidified the connection between names and social standing during the medieval period.
Literary Contributions to Medieval Names
Literature played a pivotal role in shaping the names of the medieval period, offering a rich tapestry of characters and stories that influenced naming conventions. The epic tales of chivalric romance, courtly love, and heroic quests captivated the imaginations of medieval audiences, introducing names that would become timeless classics.
One of the most significant literary influences on medieval names was the Arthurian legend. The stories of King Arthur, his knights, and the legendary court of Camelot provided a wealth of names that resonated with medieval society. Names like "Arthur," "Guinevere," "Lancelot," and "Merlin" were imbued with a sense of adventure and nobility, capturing the essence of the chivalric ideal.
Beyond the realm of Arthurian legend, medieval literature encompassed a wide array of genres, including religious texts, epic poems, and allegorical tales. The characters and themes found within these works often inspired the naming conventions of the time. For example, the "Divine Comedy" by Dante Alighieri introduced names like "Beatrice" and "Vergil," while the "Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer popularized names such as "Alisoun" and "Nicholas."
In addition to fictional works, historical chronicles and biographies also contributed to the names of the period. The accounts of notable figures and events provided a source of inspiration for parents seeking to honor historical heroes or to align their children with the virtues and accomplishments of the past.
The influence of literature on medieval names extended beyond the written word, as the oral tradition played a crucial role in the dissemination of stories and names. Traveling bards and minstrels brought tales of distant lands and legendary figures to audiences across Europe, spreading names that would become part of the cultural lexicon.
Gender-Specific Naming Trends
Gender-specific naming trends played a significant role in shaping the names of the medieval period, reflecting societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles and identities. Names were often chosen to align with the perceived characteristics and virtues associated with each gender, reinforcing traditional notions of masculinity and femininity.
For boys, names that conveyed strength, valor, and leadership were highly prized. Names like "William," "Robert," and "Henry" were popular choices, reflecting the ideals of bravery and authority that were central to male identity. Similarly, names with martial or heroic connotations, such as "Roland" and "Godfrey," were favored for their association with legendary warriors and knights.
For girls, names that embodied qualities of beauty, grace, and piety were sought after. Names like "Eleanor," "Isabella," and "Margaret" were chosen for their elegance and refinement, while names with religious or virtuous meanings, such as "Agnes" and "Clare," reflected the importance of spirituality and moral character.
The practice of using diminutive forms or affectionate nicknames was also common, particularly for female names. This trend added a layer of familiarity and endearment, as seen in names like "Maddie" for "Matilda" or "Annie" for "Anne."
While gender-specific naming trends were prevalent, there were also instances of names being used across genders, often as a result of cultural exchange or linguistic adaptation. For example, the name "Francis" could be used for both boys and girls, with the feminine form "Frances" gaining popularity over time.
Despite the influence of gender-specific trends, the medieval period also saw the emergence of names that challenged traditional gender norms, reflecting the diversity and complexity of medieval society and its evolving attitudes towards gender and identity.
Regional Variations in Medieval Names
Regional variations in medieval names were a testament to the diverse and multifaceted nature of medieval society. The names chosen by parents often reflected the linguistic, cultural, and geographic contexts of their region, resulting in a rich tapestry of nomenclature across Europe and beyond.
In England, names were influenced by a variety of factors, including the legacy of the Anglo-Saxons, the impact of the Norman Conquest, and the enduring presence of Celtic traditions. Names like "Edgar" and "Ethelred" carried Anglo-Saxon roots, while names such as "William" and "Matilda" reflected the Norman influence.
In France, names were shaped by the Frankish and Latin traditions, with a strong emphasis on names associated with royalty and nobility. Names like "Louis," "Charles," and "Philip" were popular choices, while regional dialects and languages, such as Occitan and Breton, contributed to the diversity of names.
In the Germanic regions, names often had ties to nature, mythology, and heroic legends. Names like "Hildegard," "Gertrude," and "Sigfried" were common, with their meanings rooted in concepts of strength, protection, and valor.
In the Iberian Peninsula, the influence of the Moors, as well as the coexistence of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim communities, resulted in a unique blend of names. Names like "Fernando," "Isabel," and "Yusuf" reflected this cultural fusion, highlighting the dynamic interplay of traditions and languages.
In the Nordic regions, names were heavily influenced by Norse mythology and the Viking heritage. Names like "Erik," "Astrid," and "Sven" were popular, with their meanings often linked to gods, nature, or legendary figures.
These regional variations in medieval names not only reflect the diversity of the medieval world but also highlight the interconnectedness of different cultures and peoples. The exchange of names across regions and the adaptation of names to suit local contexts underscore the fluid and dynamic nature of medieval naming conventions.
The Evolution of Medieval Names Over Time
The evolution of medieval names over time is a fascinating journey that reflects the changing dynamics of society, language, and culture. As the medieval period progressed, names underwent transformations in pronunciation, spelling, and usage, adapting to the evolving linguistic landscape and societal norms.
One of the most significant factors in the evolution of medieval names was the influence of language change and development. The transition from Old English to Middle English, for example, brought about shifts in the pronunciation and spelling of names, as seen in the transformation of "Æthelred" to "Ethelred" and "Wulfstan" to "Wolfstan."
Similarly, the spread of the Latin alphabet and the standardization of written language contributed to the stabilization of name spellings, reducing the variations that had existed in earlier periods. The rise of vernacular languages and the proliferation of written records also played a role in cementing certain names and forms.
In addition to linguistic changes, social and cultural developments influenced the evolution of names. The growth of urban centers and the rise of the merchant class led to the adoption of surnames as a means of identification and social distinction. This practice further contributed to the evolution of names, as surnames began to reflect occupations, geographic origins, or familial connections.
The influence of historical events and figures also played a role in the evolution of medieval names. The Crusades, for example, introduced new names and naming conventions from the Eastern world, while the Renaissance brought a renewed interest in classical names and antiquity.
Despite these changes, many medieval names have endured over the centuries, retaining their original meanings and forms. Their continued use in modern times speaks to their enduring appeal and the lasting impact of the medieval period on our cultural and linguistic heritage.
The Modern Revival of Medieval Names
The modern revival of medieval names is a testament to their timeless appeal and enduring charm. In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards embracing names from the medieval period, as parents seek to connect with history, tradition, and uniqueness in their naming choices.
One of the driving forces behind the modern revival of medieval names is the desire for individuality and distinctiveness. In a world where contemporary names can often feel ubiquitous, medieval names offer a sense of originality and nostalgia. Names like "Isolde," "Gawain," and "Rowena" evoke a sense of romance and fantasy, appealing to those who wish to stand out from the crowd.
The influence of popular culture and media has also contributed to the resurgence of medieval names. Television shows, movies, and literature set in medieval or fantasy worlds often feature characters with historically inspired names, sparking interest and intrigue among audiences. The popularity of series like "Game of Thrones" and "The Lord of the Rings" has introduced names such as "Arya" and "Eowyn" to a new generation.
In addition to their aesthetic appeal, medieval names are often chosen for their historical significance and meanings. Parents may be drawn to the virtues and qualities associated with these names, such as bravery, wisdom, or grace. Names like "Arthur" and "Matilda" carry with them a sense of legacy and heritage, offering a connection to the past.
The modern revival of medieval names extends beyond first names to include surnames and place names as well. Many people are interested in exploring their genealogical roots and embracing names that reflect their ancestral heritage and history.
Overall, the modern revival of medieval names reflects a broader cultural and societal trend towards embracing history and tradition. As we look to the past for inspiration and meaning, medieval names offer a rich and captivating source of identity and connection.
The Role of Surnames in Medieval Times
The role of surnames in medieval times was an essential aspect of identity and social organization. As populations grew and societies became more complex, the need for additional identifiers beyond given names became increasingly important. Surnames emerged as a solution to this challenge, providing a means of distinguishing individuals and families within communities.
One of the primary functions of surnames in medieval times was to denote lineage and family connections. Surnames often reflected the paternal line, with names like "Johnson" (son of John) or "MacGregor" (son of Gregor) indicating a person's ancestry. This practice helped to strengthen family ties and ensure the continuity of family names across generations.
In addition to lineage, surnames also conveyed information about a person's occupation or trade. Names like "Smith," "Baker," and "Miller" reflected the professions and skills of individuals, serving as markers of social and economic status. This practice was particularly prevalent in urban areas, where the burgeoning merchant class sought to establish their identities within the community.
Geographic origins also played a significant role in the development of surnames. Names like "Hill," "Brook," and "Wood" often referred to natural features or landmarks near a person's place of origin. Similarly, surnames like "London" or "York" indicated a connection to a specific city or region, providing insight into a person's roots and background.
The adoption of surnames was further influenced by administrative and legal requirements, as governments and institutions sought to maintain accurate records of the population. The introduction of census-taking, taxation, and land ownership documentation necessitated the use of surnames to ensure clarity and consistency in record-keeping.
Overall, the role of surnames in medieval times was multifaceted, serving as indicators of family, occupation, geography, and social status. Their development and adoption marked a significant shift in the way individuals were identified and recognized within their communities, laying the foundation for the naming conventions we use today.
Famous Medieval Names and Their Legacies
Famous medieval names and their legacies have left an indelible mark on history, culture, and literature. The individuals who bore these names shaped the course of events, influenced societal norms, and inspired countless stories and legends that continue to captivate our imaginations.
One of the most iconic names of the medieval period is "King Arthur," the legendary ruler of Camelot and leader of the Knights of the Round Table. Arthur's name is synonymous with chivalry, bravery, and wisdom, and his tales have inspired countless adaptations in literature, film, and art. The legacy of King Arthur continues to resonate, embodying the ideals of heroism and honor.
Another influential name from the medieval era is "Joan of Arc," the French heroine and martyr who played a pivotal role in the Hundred Years' War. Joan's name is associated with courage, faith, and determination, and her story has inspired generations as a symbol of resistance and conviction. Her canonization as a saint further solidified her legacy as a revered figure in both history and religion.
The name "Robin Hood" is also deeply ingrained in medieval folklore, representing the legendary outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor. Robin Hood's tales of adventure, justice, and camaraderie have captivated audiences for centuries, making his name synonymous with the fight against tyranny and oppression.
In the realm of literature, the name "Chaucer" stands out as a significant figure in the development of English literature. Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" is a masterpiece of storytelling, and his contributions to the language and literary tradition have earned him the title of the "Father of English Literature."
Other notable names from the medieval period include "Charlemagne," the Emperor of the Carolingian Empire, who played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Europe, and "Hildegard of Bingen," a renowned abbess, composer, and visionary, whose contributions to music, science, and spirituality have left a lasting impact.
The legacies of these famous medieval names continue to shape our understanding of history and culture, serving as sources of inspiration and reflection. Through their stories and achievements, these individuals have become enduring symbols of the values and ideals that defined the medieval world.
Mythical Influences on Medieval Names
Mythical influences on medieval names were a significant aspect of the naming conventions of the time, reflecting the deep connection between mythology, culture, and identity. The myths and legends that permeated medieval society provided a rich source of inspiration for names, imbuing them with symbolic meanings and timeless appeal.
One of the most prominent sources of mythical influence was Norse mythology, which played a central role in the naming conventions of the Nordic regions. Names like "Thor," "Odin," and "Freya" were derived from the pantheon of Norse gods and goddesses, reflecting the reverence and admiration for these mythical figures. The stories of their exploits and attributes were seen as aspirational, and their names were chosen to invoke protection, strength, and wisdom.
In the Celtic regions, mythology also played a significant role in shaping names, with characters from ancient tales and folklore providing inspiration. Names like "Branwen," "Cuchulainn," and "Deirdre" were drawn from Celtic myths and legends, embodying qualities of beauty, bravery, and tragedy. These names carried a sense of magic and enchantment, capturing the mystical essence of the Celtic world.
Greek and Roman mythology also influenced medieval names, as the revival of classical learning during the Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in ancient myths and legends. Names like "Hercules," "Diana," and "Achilles" became popular, reflecting the admiration for classical heroes and deities and their timeless stories of adventure, love, and moral dilemmas.
The influence of mythical figures extended beyond the realm of gods and heroes to include creatures from folklore and legend. Names inspired by mythical animals, such as "Griffin" and "Phoenix," were chosen for their symbolic meanings and associations with power, rebirth, and mystery.
Overall, mythical influences on medieval names highlight the enduring allure of mythology and its ability to shape cultural identity and personal expression. By drawing on the rich tapestry of myths and legends, medieval names were imbued with a sense of wonder and timelessness, connecting individuals to a broader narrative of human experience and imagination.
Medieval Naming Ceremonies and Traditions
Medieval naming ceremonies and traditions were deeply rooted in the cultural, religious, and social contexts of the time, reflecting the importance of names as markers of identity and belonging. These ceremonies often involved elaborate rituals and customs, serving as significant milestones in an individual's life.
One of the most common naming ceremonies in medieval Europe was the Christian baptism, which marked the official naming and initiation of an individual into the Christian faith. Baptisms were typically performed by a priest and involved the anointing of the child with holy water, symbolizing spiritual purification and rebirth. The choice of a name was often influenced by religious considerations, with names of saints or biblical figures being favored for their protective and aspirational qualities.
In addition to baptism, other cultures and regions had their own unique naming traditions. In Celtic societies, for example, naming ceremonies were often linked to ancient rites and folklore, with names chosen to reflect the individual's destiny and connection to the natural world. These ceremonies were often accompanied by blessings and offerings to the gods, seeking their favor and protection for the child.
In the Nordic regions, naming ceremonies were influenced by Norse customs and beliefs, with names often chosen to honor ancestors or to invoke the protection of the gods. The ceremony might involve the sprinkling of water or the presentation of symbolic gifts, such as a sword or an amulet, to represent the child's future role and responsibilities within the community.
Among the nobility, naming ceremonies were often elaborate affairs, reflecting the family's status and aspirations. These ceremonies might include feasts, pageantry, and the attendance of important figures, such as clergy, nobles, and dignitaries. The choice of a name for a noble child was often carefully considered, with an emphasis on lineage, political alliances, and dynastic continuity.
Overall, medieval naming ceremonies and traditions highlight the significance of names as more than mere labels, but as integral components of identity, spirituality, and community. These ceremonies served to connect individuals to their cultural heritage and to the broader social and religious fabric of medieval society.
Symbolism and Meaning Behind Medieval Names
The symbolism and meaning behind medieval names provided a rich tapestry of identity and cultural expression, reflecting the values, beliefs, and aspirations of the time. Names were often imbued with deep significance, serving as markers of personal and collective identity.
One of the primary sources of symbolism in medieval names was the connection to religious figures and virtues. Names like "Faith," "Grace," and "Charity" were chosen for their association with Christian values and ideals, reflecting the importance of spirituality and moral character in medieval society. Similarly, names of saints and biblical figures were seen as aspirational, with their stories and attributes serving as models for personal conduct and devotion.
In addition to religious symbolism, medieval names often carried meanings related to nature, strength, and protection. Names like "Wolf," "Bear," and "Lion" were chosen for their associations with power and courage, while names like "Rose," "Lily," and "Violet" reflected beauty, purity, and grace. These names drew on the natural world as a source of inspiration and symbolism, connecting individuals to the environment and its inherent qualities.
Names also served as markers of social status and lineage, with meanings tied to occupation, geography, or ancestry. Surnames like "Smith," "Carpenter," and "Mason" reflected the individual's trade and skills, while names like "Hill," "Brook," and "Rivers" denoted geographic origins. These names provided insight into a person's background and role within the community, reinforcing social hierarchies and connections.
The use of symbolic names extended to fictional and mythical figures, with names like "Arthur," "Guinevere," and "Lancelot" evoking stories of heroism, romance, and adventure. These names were chosen for their legendary qualities, serving as sources of inspiration and reflection for individuals and communities.
Overall, the symbolism and meaning behind medieval names highlight the complex interplay of identity, culture, and expression. By drawing on a diverse range of influences and associations, medieval names offered a window into the values and ideals of the time, providing a rich and enduring legacy for future generations.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What are some popular medieval names for boys and girls?
Popular medieval names for boys include "William," "Henry," "Richard," "Robert," and "Edward." For girls, common names were "Eleanor," "Isabella," "Margaret," "Catherine," and "Matilda." These names were often chosen for their historical significance, familial connections, or religious associations.
2. How were surnames developed in medieval times?
Surnames in medieval times were often developed based on lineage, occupation, or geographic origin. They served as additional identifiers beyond given names, helping to distinguish individuals and families within communities. Examples include "Johnson" (son of John), "Smith" (occupation), and "Hill" (geographic feature).
3. What role did religion play in medieval naming conventions?
Religion played a central role in medieval naming conventions, with many names reflecting biblical figures, saints, and Christian virtues. Names like "Mary," "Peter," and "Matthew" were popular due to their religious significance, while virtues like "Faith" and "Grace" were chosen for their aspirational qualities.
4. How did literature influence medieval names?
Literature had a significant influence on medieval names, with characters and stories from epic tales, chivalric romances, and myths providing inspiration. Names like "Arthur," "Guinevere," and "Lancelot" were drawn from legends, capturing the imagination and ideals of medieval society.
5. Are medieval names still popular today?
Yes, many medieval names continue to be popular today, with a resurgence in interest due to their unique charm and historical significance. Names like "Isolde," "Rowan," and "Arthur" are experiencing a modern revival, appealing to those seeking distinctive and meaningful names.
6. What are some examples of mythical influences on medieval names?
Mythical influences on medieval names include Norse mythology, Celtic legends, and classical myths. Names like "Thor," "Branwen," and "Hercules" were inspired by gods, heroes, and mythical creatures, reflecting the cultural and symbolic significance of these figures.
Conclusion
The world of medieval names is a rich and fascinating tapestry that offers insight into the values, beliefs, and cultural influences of the past. From the origins and meanings of these names to the impact of religion, royalty, and literature, medieval names reflect a complex interplay of identity, tradition, and expression. As we explore the stories behind these names, we uncover a timeless legacy that continues to resonate with us today, offering a window into the diverse and dynamic world of the medieval period. Whether through their historical significance, unique charm, or enduring appeal, medieval names remain a captivating and meaningful part of our cultural heritage.
